《保险研究》20250809-《论自动驾驶视域下汽车责任保险制度的适应性变革》（刘景琪）

［摘   要］自动驾驶视域下的责任保险需要从生成模式、体系关系以及内容革新等方面作出适应性变革。衔接当前算法侵权责任主体配置的应然方案，交强险的立法模式应转向“责任保险模式+过错推定原则”；产品责任险的生成困局集中于“缺陷产品”的认定，应通过对自动驾驶接管问题的类型分析来界定“免责事由”，实现对“缺陷产品”认定难题的转化与破解。处理交强险、商业三责险以及产品责任险这三层责任保险的体系关系，未来应趋向“商业三责险并入交强险”的统合体例，采取“生产者参与强化交强险保障力度”的基本措施。为更好地化解自动驾驶算法缺陷致损风险，强化交强险的保障力度尤应从制度各环节实现革新。对“无责赔付”重新解释为“（机动车一方）无过错时，在过错推定原则下的例外责任”；认定“第三者”应以事故发生时的驾驶状态为判断标准，结合人类驾驶人对损害的原因力处理其“第三者”地位；不宜区分自动驾驶状态和人工驾驶状态下的赔付范围；因应自动驾驶的主体复合性对保险人追偿权的对象、情形和数额进行辨正。

［关键词］自动驾驶；算法；侵权；责任保险

［基金项目］国家社会科学基金重点项目“数字时代人格权益民法保护的挑战与应对研究”（23AFX020）；2024年中国法学会民法学研究会青年学者研究项目 “保险合同危险增加通知义务的制度构造”（2024MFXH011）。

［作者简介］刘景琪，武汉大学法学院博士研究生。

On the Adaptive Reform of Automobile Liability Insurance from the Perspective of Autonomous Driving

LIU Jing-qi

Abstract：Liability insurance in the context of autonomous driving requires adaptive changes in terms of generation mode，system relationship，and content innovation. To align with the ought-to-be solution for algorithmic tort liability subject configuration，the legislative model of compulsory traffic liability insurance should shift to a “liability insurance model + presumption of fault principle” framework. The dilemma of the product liability insurance primarily lies in defining “defective products，” which requires analyzing various types of autonomous driving takeover issues and clarifying exemption criteria，thus transform and tackle the difficulty in defining “defective products”. To coordinate the three-tier liability insurance system （compulsory traffic liability insurance，commercial third-party liability insurance and product liability insurance），commercial third-party liability insurance should be integrated into the compulsory liability scheme，with producers’ participation as a key strategy to enhance the protection of the scheme. To fully address risks from defective algorithms and strengthen compulsory insurance protection，systemic innovations should include：reinterpreting “compensation without liability” as “exceptional liability under fault presumption when the motor vehicle party is not at fault”;determining the “third party” based on the driving state during accidents in combination with the human driver’s causal contribution;eliminating compensation scope differences between autonomous and manual driving modes;adjusting the insurer’s recovery rights （object，scenarios，and amounts） in accordance with the multi-party liability nature of autonomous driving.

Key words：autonomous driving;algorithm;tort;liability insurance