《保险研究》20250608-《日本相互保险的变迁与启示——基于保险学与法学融合视角的考察》（陈昊泽、谭茜元）

［摘   要］我国相互保险改革面临发展模式抉择，亟需完善规范体系，日本经验可提供参照。战后日本相互保险的繁盛源于经济民主化政策下社会对其社员自治与实费主义等制度禀赋的期待，然而战后型保险系统的强监管模式消解了相互保险优势。二十世纪末，泡沫经济崩坏引发保险公司破产浪潮，暴露出相互保险在财务融资、业务转轨等方面的短板。为此，日本形成了兼顾相互保险特性的保险经营危机应对制度，并开始允许相互保险公司转型为股份保险公司，而幸存的相互保险公司在规模化与多元经营中走向名存实亡。现状上，相互扶助精神经由共济保险对地域、领域的联结得以延续。日本相互保险兴衰史的启示在于：一方面，相互保险的高质量发展需要从行业准入、产品运行、公司治理、风险处置、形态转化等方面整备制度体系；另一方面，相互保险是普惠保险的重要领域，其未来发展应注重发挥嵌入性、包容性与可得性。

［关键词］《保险法》修订；相互保险；新国十条；保险破产；保险监管；普惠保险

［基金项目］2024年度国家社科基金重点项目“商业保险与社会保险衔接的法律机制研究”(24AFX011)。

［作者简介］陈昊泽，福州大学法学院副教授，研究方向：保险法学、海商法学；谭茜元，澳门科技大学法学院博士研究生。

The Evolution and Implications of Mutual Insurance in Japan—An Insurance-Law Interdisciplinary Study

Chen Hao-ze，Tan Xi-yuan

Abstract：China’s mutual insurance reform is at a crossroads，requiring both a clear development model and a sound regulatory framework.Japan’s experience offers important lessons.The postwar rise of Japanese mutual insurance was driven by public expectations for member autonomy and cost-based operation under economic democratization.However，the strengths of mutual insurance were gradually weakened by a rigid regulatory regime.The collapse of the bubble economy in the late 20th century triggered widespread insurer failures，revealing mutual insurers’ weaknesses in capital financing and business transformation.In response，Japan introduced crisis management mechanisms compatible with the operations of mutual insurers and allowed their conversion into stock companies.Most surviving mutual insurers lost their mutual character along with expansion and diversification，while Kyosai mutual aid preserved mutuality through strong regional and sectoral ties.Japan’s experience suggests that the high-quality development of mutual insurance depends on comprehensive institutional design across market entry，product design，governance，risk management，and structural transformation.As a key form of inclusive insurance，mutual insurance should be advanced by enhancing its embeddedness，inclusiveness，and accessibility.

Key words：revision of the Insurance Law;mutual insurance;the New Ten Articles;insurer bankruptcy;insurance regulation;inclusive insurance