《保险研究》20250509-《投保人、被保险人不真正义务群的体系化解读与重构——以<保险法>第五次修改为背景》（张力毅）

［摘   要］投保人、被保险人一方在订立保险合同时的告知义务、履行合同过程中的保险标的安全维护义务、危险增加通知义务，保险事故如发生的减损义务和事故发生通知义务，乃至于保险人给付保险金后的协助代位义务构成了投保人、被保险人保险法上的不真正义务群。最大诚信原则、对价平衡原则、消费者保护理念为上述不真正义务群规则设计的最重要理论依据。但就现有条文而言，立法者似乎并未用类型化和体系化的思维给予不真正义务群以统筹。现行《保险法》存在着诸多不真正义务的义务主体与义务违反主观构成要件不一致，对于因果关系的具体要求不明朗，部分条文因为欠缺义务违反的关键性法律后果而成为不完全法条，保险人可主张完全免责的法律效果过于绝对等一系列问题。在《保险法》第五次修改的背景下，未来法律规则设计有必要将上述不真正义务的义务主体限定为被保险人、对于各个不真正义务违反的主客观构成要件以及主要法律效果等共性问题予以相当程度的统一，并在某种程度上引入不真正义务违反私法效果弹性化的法律后果。

［关键词］不真正义务；最大诚信；对价平衡；保险消费者保护；私法效果弹性化

［基金项目］教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“投保人（被保险人）保险法上不真正义务群的现代化改造研究”（18YJC820087）。

［作者简介］张力毅，南京大学法学院副教授，法学博士，研究方向：保险法、破产法。

Systematic Interpretation and Reconstruction of the Unreal Obligations Assumed by Policyholders and the Insured in Insurance Law—Writing in the Background of the Fifth Revision of Insurance Law

ZHANG Li-Yi

Abstract：Unreal obligations assumed by policyholders and the insured in Insurance Law consist of the following six parts，namely the duty of disclosure when entering into a contract，the safety maintenance obligation of the subject-matter insured and the notification obligation of increased risk during the performance of the contract，the obligation to reduce the damages and loss notice when the insured event has incurred，and the obligation of assisting in subrogation even after the insurance benefit has been paid.The construction of unreal obligation is based on the principle of utmost good faith，the principle of equilibrium between considerations and the concept of insurance consumer protection.Unfortunately，it seems that the legislator fails to coordinate these obligations using the typification and systematization methods in the Insurance Law.The current law has at least the following issues：the obligation subject and the subjective element to judge the breach of obligations is inconsistent;the demand for causation is not clear;some rules can be called incomplete clauses because of the absence of key legal consequences;and the consequence of liability exemption by the insurer is too absolute in some situations.In the background of the fifth revision of the Insurance Law，we ought to make certain changes.In the first place，the subject of the unreal obligations should be limited to the insured.In the second place，the constitutive requirements and the main consequences about the breach of obligations should be unified in some common aspects.Last but not least，the flexible mechanism of private law effect after the breach of obligations should be adopted to some extent.

Key words：unreal obligation;utmost good faith;equilibrium between considerations;insurance consumer protection；the flexible mechanism of private law effect