《保险研究》20201109-《美国保险法上保险人撤销权问题研究》（于海纯、邹伟康）

［摘   要］在美国保险法上,保险人基于投保人的欺诈行为及虚假陈述行使撤销权有其深厚的法理基础,但在具体案件中如何兼顾保险人与投保人的合法权益适用撤销权制度却存在诸多争议。结合美国各州保险立法及相关典型法律判例可以看出,其适用必须符合一系列严格的法律要求及标准,例如,被保险人确实存在法定的虚假陈述情形、虚假陈述的信息达到重大性标准,以及保险人存在对被保险人的合理信赖等。出于对被保险人的法律保护,撤销权的行使要受到范围、诉讼时效、对共同保险人及第三方利益的例外保护等限制。重构保险合同、信赖损害赔偿及适用合同重大履行原则等温和、中庸的解决方案,可以更有效平衡保险公司和被保险人的合法权益、公共利益及其他私人利益。我国保险法上延续百年之保险人解除权之传统规范更具整体合理性,我国保险法应排除民法上撤销权之适用。

［关键词］撤销权；保险合同；保险法；美国

［作者简介］于海纯,对外经济贸易大学法学院、政府管理学院教授,法学博士；邹伟康(通讯作者),对外经济贸易大学政府管理学院,跨国政府监管与治理研究中心主任,副教授,博士。

A Research on the Rescission Right by the Insurer in U.S.Insurance Law

YU Hai-chun,ZOU Wei-kang

Abstract：As a general principle in insurance law in the U.S.,the insurer is entitled to rescind the insurance policy should the insured is found guilty of misrepresentation and fraudulent practices.However,there are still challenges and disagreements on how to justify the rescission claims while balancing the interests of different parties in specific insurance cases.In this context,based on insurance laws of various states and typical legal precedents in the U.S.,the present paper finds that exercise of the rescission right in insurance law is preconditioned on meeting a series of strict legal requirements and standards,such as verified misrepresentations by the insured party,the materiality of misrepresented information,and the insurer′s reasonable reliance on the insured.Moreover,for the protection of the insured,limitations on recession claims by the insurer is abound,which pertains to the exceptional protection of the interests of the co-insurer and related third parties,limitation of actions,and scope of application.Mild alternative solutions such as restructuring the original insurance contract,applying the rule of material performance of the contract,and compensation for the reliance damage,etc.can better balance rights and interests between the insured and insurer,as well as the public interests and private ones.In contrast,the long tradition of the rescission right in China′s Insurance Law is more justified and institutionally legitimized,but China′s Insurance Law should eliminate the application of the rescission right in Civil Law.

Key words：rescission right;insurance contract;insurance law;U.S.